Masters told JNS that millions of Americans have bought guns in the past five years, “many for the first time.” “Among them are Jewish families and synagogue members, who now feel compelled to train and prepare,” he said.

The network’s new report responds to the debate about whether individuals should carry guns in synagogues. It advises congregations not to do so, because it “risks turning moments of crisis into chaotic and dangerous encounters.” It can also open congregations up to legal liability, according to the report.

Congregations should spell out when gun owners can use force, train them in de-escalating situations and clarify the chain of command, according to the report.

The report also says that congregations should have policies about other weapons, like tasers and chemical sprays.

“If someone has a question, they should absolutely ask the leadership of their institution or get in touch with their Jewish community security professional through their Federation to ask what is being done or how they can help do more,” Masters said.

There have been “dramatic increases” in security at Jewish sites in the past eight years, and High Holiday services are “one of the most secure times of year,” according to Masters.

“We are investing more as a community, nationally and locally, in security than we ever have before,” he said. “We also recognize that there are some institutions that have fewer resources than others.”